Engineering concepts

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Refactoring
Changing the internal structure of existing code, in small tested steps, without changing what the program does.
Normal Accidents
Perrow's theory that systems with complex interactions and tight coupling will eventually have serious accidents that no design or training can fully prevent.
Modularity
Modularity is dividing a system into modules that each hide one design decision behind a stable interface, so that decision can change without touching other modules.
Postel's Law
Jon Postel's 1980 design rule for network software: be strict and conformant in what your own software sends, but tolerant of variations in what it accepts, as long as the sender's meaning is still clear.
Poka-Yoke
Shigeo Shingo's mistake-proofing from the Toyota Production System: a device or process step that prevents a human error, or flags it at once, before it becomes a defect.

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